THE EFFECTS OF EARLY MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT ON LATER COGNITIVE SKILLS OF CHILDREN IN INDONESIA
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Institusion
Universitas Padjadjaran
Author
Aji, Daru Anggoro
Subject
Datestamp
2021-11-23 00:00:00
Abstract :
Early childhood is very important phase in life. This phase is a good time for remarkable brain growth. These years lay the foundation for subsequent learning and development which become critical factor for the future life of children. This paper has examined whether early maternal employment has any effects on cognitive abilities and educational attainment of children in the long term. To take account for Ruhm’s (2004) warning about the endogeneity in this area, we estimate models with two stage least squares and recursive bivariate probit. The estimated results indicate the following findings. The early maternal employment has positive effects on mathematics ability, but not on spatial ability. Interestingly, the positive effects of early maternal employment on cognitive abilities only appear in girls, but not in boys. Moreover the early maternal employment affect positively the children’s educational attainment for both boys and girls. Base on that findings, working mother, especially in early childhood, have no negative effect on children in long term outcomes. Instead this condition have positive spillover effects on girls. The further research on early maternal employment on cognitive abilities especially in short term effect need to conduct in Indonesia, in order to get complete picture in this field.
Early childhood is very important phase in life. This phase is a good time for remarkable brain growth. These years lay the foundation for subsequent learning and development which become critical factor for the future life of children. This paper has examined whether early maternal employment has any effects on cognitive abilities and educational attainment of children in the long term. To take account for Ruhm’s (2004) warning about the endogeneity in this area, we estimate models with two stage least squares and recursive bivariate probit. The estimated results indicate the following findings. The early maternal employment has positive effects on mathematics ability, but not on spatial ability. Interestingly, the positive effects of early maternal employment on cognitive abilities only appear in girls, but not in boys. Moreover the early maternal employment affect positively the children’s educational attainment for both boys and girls. Base on that findings, working mother, especially in early childhood, have no negative effect on children in long term outcomes. Instead this condition have positive spillover effects on girls. The further research on early maternal employment on cognitive abilities especially in short term effect need to conduct in Indonesia, in order to get complete picture in this field.
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